Systems and methods of treating a neurological disorder in a patient

ABSTRACT

In embodiments of the present disclosure, methods of treating a neurological disorder comprise providing reconditioning electrical stimulation. The methods may comprise applying electrical stimulation that provides positive reinforcement by activation within the reward network of the brain of the patient when an appropriate external stimulus is provided to the patient. The external stimulus is selected in accordance with the specific neurological disorder being treated in the patient. The methods may comprise applying electrical stimulation that provides negative reinforcement by stimulation of aversion-related locations of the brain of the patient when a different external stimulus is provided to the patient.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/728,726, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provision PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/007,058, filed Jun. 3, 2014, entitled “METHODSOF TREATING A NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER IN A PATENT,” which is incorporatedherein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Drug addiction is typically characterized by two features, a craving orcompulsion to take the drug and an inability to limit intake of thedrug. Additionally, drug dependence is associated with tolerance, whichis the loss of effect of the drug with repeated administration andwithdrawal, defined as the appearance of physical and behavioralsymptoms when the drug is not consumed following chronic use.Sensitization occurs if the repeated administration of a drug leads toan increased response to each dose. Tolerance, sensitization, andwithdrawal are phenomena reflecting some sort of plastic changeoccurring in the central nervous system in response to continued use ofa substance. Drug addiction is related to allostasis, i.e. a resettingof the homeostatic set point or reference around which normalfluctuations occur.

Researchers in the field of drug dependence and reward have identifiedneurological substrates involved in animal motivation and reward and howthe neural mechanisms of these substrates are engaged to result in anaddictive state (George F. Koob, “Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacologyand function of reward pathways,” TIPS—May 1992 [Vol. 13]). Themesolimbic dopamine system which innervates the nucleus accumbens hasbeen determined to be the portion of the brain which plays a criticalrole in mediation of the reinforcing aspects of addiction and thereinforcing aspects of withdrawal. In 1954, Olds and Milner demonstratedthe reward circuits of the brain by electrical stimulation of the septalarea of the brain (“Positive reinforcement produced by electricalstimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain,” J. Comp.Physiol. Psychology 47:419-427, 1954).

Additionally, electrical stimulation of nervous tissue of patients hasbeen used to treat addiction and its symptoms. Transcutaneous nervestimulation has been proposed as a means of relieving the symptoms ofwithdrawal from an addictive substance (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.3,946,745, 4,841,973, 4,865,048, 5,458,625, and 5,593,432). Transcranialelectrical fields have been applied to the brain (U.S. Pat. No.4,646,744) to depolarize nerve cells as a means of treating addictions.The effects of transcranial electrical stimulating fields on withdrawalfrom addictive substances has been enhanced by the coadministration of aneuroactive chemical promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,007).

Deep brain stimulation has also been suggested to treat addiction inpatients. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,269 discloses stimulation ofmultiple sites in the brain to treat addiction in a patient. In themethod of U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,269, electrical stimulation using acontinuous train of electrical pulses can be employed to excite orinhibit neural activity at a particular stimulation site. For example,high frequency stimulation can be employed to override or block neuralactivity associated with addiction in a manner similar to the use ofhigh frequency stimulation in Parkinson's Disease to override or blockneural activity associated with tremor. U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,269 alsodiscloses combining deep brain stimulation with infusion of variouspharmaceutical agents to treat addiction.

SUMMARY

In embodiments of the present disclosure, methods of treating aneurological disorder comprise providing reconditioning electricalstimulation. The methods may comprise applying electrical stimulationthat provides positive reinforcement by activation within the rewardnetwork of the brain of the patient when an appropriate external orinternal stimulus is provided to the patient. The external stimulus isselected in accordance with the specific neurological disorder or otherdisorder being treated in the patient. The methods may comprise applyingelectrical stimulation that provides negative reinforcement bystimulation of aversion-related locations of the brain of the patientwhen a different external or internal stimulus is provided to thepatient. Internal stimuli may include gastric contractions, bloodglucose levels, blood pressure measurements, heart rate measurements,etc. Accordingly, methods of the present disclosure may include “pairedstimulation” of external or internal stimulus with electricalstimulation, or the external/internal stimulus may trigger theelectrical stimulation. The duration of the ‘pairing’ is non-critical,as long as it is consequential. Thus ‘pairing’ can go from simultaneous,to multiple seconds after the external or internal stimulus.

There are four basic versions of this embodiment: positivereinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negativepunishment. These can be combined in different ways, for examplepositive reinforcement of one external stimulus can be combined withnegative reinforcement of another stimulus, or positive punishment ofone external stimulus can be combined with negative punishment ofanother external stimulus. Positive refers to supplying a stimulus tothe reward system or antireward system. Negative refers to not supplying(=withholding) a stimulus to the reward or antireward system.Reinforcement is responsible for increasing a behavior, while punishmenthas the effect of decreasing a behavior

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, electrical stimulation isapplied to one or more locations within the reward network of the brainof the patient. The reward related locations may include the nucleusaccumbens (NAc), the laterodorsal tegmentum, ventral tegmental area(VTA), substantia nigra pars compacts, hypothalamus, the ventralpallidum, the subthalamic nucleus (STN), medial dorsal nucleus of thethalamus, and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). In some embodiments,negative feedback may be provided by application of electricalstimulation to one or more aversion related locations (antirewardsystem) in the brain of the patient including the habenula, therostromedial tegmental nucleus, VTA, the dorsal anterior cingulatecortex (dACC), the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and theinsula.

In some embodiments, burst stimulation is provided to one or morelocations with the brain of the patient in conjunction with thepresentation of the respective stimuli. The burst stimulation maycomprise respective bursts of multiple electrical pulses. Apulse-repetition rate is defined for the pulses within the respectivebursts. Also, an overall or average burst repetition rate may beselected. The burst stimulation effects neurological processes in amanner that differs from conventional tonic stimulation. Manyconventional tonic stimulation therapies merely attempt to block“problematic” neuronal activity. Burst stimulation in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure reconditions neuronal processesfor a patient to treat the specific neurological disorder of thepatient.

In some embodiments, various forms of addiction are treated usingreconditioning electrical stimulation. Although addiction is aneurological disorder appropriate for the therapies described herein,many other neurological disorders may be treated in patients accordingto the methods of embodiments of the present disclosure. Anyneurological or non-neurological pathology that can develop throughreinforcement learning, classical or operant conditioning, can betreated by embodiments of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a neurostimulation system according to representativeembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 depicts a burst stimulation pattern for stimulating reward and/oraversion related sites in a patient according to some representativeembodiments.

FIGS. 3-10 depict reconditioning therapies according to representativeembodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In embodiments of the present disclosure, methods of treating aneurological disorder involve reconditioning one or more neurologicalprocesses of a patient. The methods may involve applying electricalstimulation that provides positive reinforcement by activation withinthe reward network of the brain of the patient when an appropriateexternal stimulus is provided to the patient. The methods may involveapplying electrical stimulation that provides negative reinforcement bystimulation of aversion-related locations of the brain of the patientwhen a different external stimulus is provided to the patient.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, electrical stimulation isapplied to one or more locations within the reward network of the brainof the patient. The stimulation locations may include the nucleusaccumbens (NAc), the laterodorsal tegmentum, ventral tegmental area(VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta, hypothalamus, the ventralpallidum, the subthalamic nucleus (STN), medial dorsal nucleus of thethalamus, and the posterior cingulate cortex (FCC).

In some embodiments, negative feedback may be provided by application ofelectrical stimulation to one or more aversion related locations in thebrain of the patient including the habenula, the rostromedial tegmentalnucleus, VTA, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), thedorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and the insula.

In some embodiments, burst stimulation is provided to one or morelocations with the brain of the patient in conjunction with thepresentation of the respective stimuli. Burst stimulation forneurological reconditioning provides a fundamentally different type oftherapy than provided by known therapies involving stimulation of thenucleus accumbens including the therapy of U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,269. Inthe '239 patent, tonic stimulation is provided that merely attempts toblock the “reward” mechanism for substance intake for patients sufferingfrom addiction. In contrast, burst stimulation according to someembodiments of the present disclosure engages the reward circuitry of apatient's brain to reward non-addiction related behaviors or responses.Also, burst stimulation according to some embodiments may stimulateother sites of the patient's brain to activate aversion related neuronalmechanisms for addiction-related behaviors or responses as part of theneurological reconditioning.

Although addiction is a neurological disorder appropriate for thetherapies described herein, many other neurological and non-neurologicaldisorders resulting from homeostatic imbalance such as but not limitedto hypertension, heart insufficiency, obesity, diabetes mellitus, gout,etc. may be treated in patients according to the methods of embodimentsof the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 depicts an NS system 100 for providing a reconditioning therapyto a patient according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. NSsystem 100 includes an implantable pulse generator (IPG) 150 that isadapted to generate electrical pulses for application to tissue of apatient. The IPG 150 typically comprises a metallic housing thatencloses a controller 151, pulse generating circuitry 152, a chargingcoil 153, a battery 154, a far-field and/or near field communicationcircuitry 155, battery charging circuitry 156, switching circuitry 157,and the like. The controller 151 typically includes a microcontroller orother suitable processor for controlling the various other components ofthe device. Software code is typically stored in memory of the IPG 150for execution by the microcontroller or processor to control the variouscomponents of the device. An example of a suitable IPG is the BRIO™implantable pulse generator manufactured by St. Jude Medical, Inc.

IPG 150 may comprise a separate or an attached extension component 170.If the extension component 170 is a separate component, the extensioncomponent 170 may connect with the “header” portion of the IPG 150 as isknown in the art. If the extension component 170 is integrated with theIPG 150, internal electrical connections may be made through respectiveconductive components. Within the IPG 160, electrical pulses aregenerated by the pulse generating circuitry 152 and are provided to theswitching circuitry 157. The switching circuitry 157 connects to outputsof the IPG 150 (through blocking capacitors). Electrical connectors(e.g., “Bal-Seal” connectors) within the connector portion 171 of theextension component 170 or within the IPG header may be employed toconduct various stimulation pulses. The terminals of one or more leads110 are inserted within connector portion 171 or within the IPG headerfor electrical connection with respective connectors. Thereby, thepulses originating from the IPG 150 are provided to the leads 110. Thepulses are then conducted through the conductors of the lead 110 andapplied to tissue of a patient via stimulation electrodes 111 a-d. Anysuitable known or later developed design may be employed for connectorportion 171.

Stimulation electrodes 111 a-d may be in the shape of a ring such thateach stimulation electrode 111 a-d continuously covers the circumferenceof the exterior surface of the lead 110. Each of the stimulationelectrodes 111 a-d are separated by non-conducting material 112, whichelectrically isolate each stimulation electrode 111 a-d from an adjacentstimulation electrode 111 a-d. The non-conducting material 112 mayinclude one or more insulative materials and/or biocompatible materialsto allow the lead 110 to be implantable within the patient. Thestimulation electrodes 111 a-d may be configured to emit the pulses inan outward radial direction proximate to or within a stimulation target.Additionally or alternatively, the stimulation electrodes 111 a-d may bein the shape of a split or non-continuous ring such that the pulse maybe directed in an outward radial direction adjacent to the stimulationelectrodes 111 a-d. Multiple such “segmented” electrodes may be disposedat a given longitudinal position along lead 110 to more finely controlapplication of pulses to one or more neural population(s) duringtherapeutic operations of NS system 100. Examples of a fabricationprocess of the stimulation electrodes 111 a-d is disclosed in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/895,096, entitled, “METHOD OF FABRICATINGSTIMULATION LEAD FOR APPLYING ELECTRICAL STIMULATION TO TISSUE OF APATIENT,” which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

The lead 110 may comprise a lead body 172 of insulative material about aplurality of conductors within the material that extend from a proximalend of lead 110, proximate to the IPG 150, to its distal end. Theconductors electrically couple a plurality of the stimulation electrodes111 a-d to a plurality of terminals (not shown) of the lead 110. Theterminals are adapted to receive electrical pulses and the stimulationelectrodes 111 a-d are adapted to apply the pulses to the stimulationtarget of the patient. Also, sensing of physiological signals may occurthrough the stimulation electrodes 111, the conductors, and theterminals. It should be noted that although the lead 110 is depictedwith four stimulation electrodes 111 a-d, the lead 110 may include anysuitable number of stimulation electrodes 111 a-d (e.g., less than four,more than four) as well as terminals, and internal conductors.Additionally or alternatively, various sensors may be located near thedistal end of the lead 110 and electrically coupled to terminals throughconductors within the lead body 172.

For implementation of the components within the IPG 150, a processor andassociated charge control circuitry for an IPG is described in U.S. Pat.No. 7,571,007, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR USE IN PULSEGENERATION,” which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.Circuitry for recharging a rechargeable battery (e.g., battery chargingcircuitry 156) of an IPG using inductive coupling and external chargingcircuits are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,212,110, entitled “IMPLANTABLEDEVICE AND SYSTEM FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION,” which is expresslyincorporated herein by reference.

An example and discussion of “constant current” pulse generatingcircuitry (e.g., pulse generating circuitry 152) is provided in U.S.Patent Publication No. 2006/0170486 entitled “PULSE GENERATOR HAVING ANEFFICIENT FRACTIONAL VOLTAGE CONVERTER AND METHOD OF USE,” which isexpressly incorporated herein by reference. One or multiple sets of suchcircuitry may be provided within the IPG 150. Different pulses ondifferent stimulation electrodes 111 a-d may be generated using a singleset of the pulse generating circuitry 152 using consecutively generatedpulses according to a “multi-stimset program” as is known in the art.Complex pulse parameters may be employed such as those described in U.S.Pat. No. 7,228,179, entitled “Method and apparatus for providing complextissue stimulation patterns,” and International Patent PublicationNumber WO 2001/093953 A1, entitled “NEUROMODULATION THERAPY SYSTEM,”which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively,multiple independent current sources may be employed to provide pulsepatterns (e.g., tonic stimulation waveform, burst stimulation waveform)that include generated and delivered stimulation pulses through variousstimulation electrodes of one or more leads 111 a-d as is also known inthe art. Various sets of parameters may define the pulse characteristicsand pulse timing for the pulses applied to the various stimulationelectrodes 111 a-d as is known in the art. Although constant currentpulse generating circuitry is contemplated for some embodiments, anyother suitable type of pulse generating circuitry may be employed suchas constant voltage pulse generating circuitry.

Controller device 160 may be implemented to charge/recharge the battery154 of the IPG 150 (although a separate recharging device couldalternatively be employed) and to program the IPG 150 on the pulsespecifications while implanted within the patient. Although, inalternative embodiments separate programmer devices may be employed forcharging and/or programming the NS system 100 and tar-fieldcommunication may be employed. The controller device 160 may be aprocessor-based system that possesses wireless communicationcapabilities. Software may be stored within a non-transitory memory ofthe controller device 160, which may be executed by the processor tocontrol the various operations of the controller device 160. A “wand”138 may be electrically connected to the controller device 116 throughsuitable electrical connectors (not shown). The electrical connectorsmay be electrically connected to a telemetry component 166 (e.g.,inductor coil, RF transceiver) at the distal end of wand 138 throughrespective wires (not shown) allowing bi-directional communication withthe IPG 150. Optionally, in some embodiments, the wand 138 may compriseone or more temperature sensors for use during charging operations. Inother embodiments, far field communication circuitry may also beemployed to communicate data between IPG 150 and controller device 160.

The user may initiate communication with the IPG 150 by placing the wand138 proximate to the NS system 104. Preferably, the placement of thewand 138 allows the telemetry system of the wand 138 to be aligned withthe far-field and/or near field communication circuitry 155 of the IPG150. The controller device 160 preferably provides one or more userinterfaces 168 (e.g., touchscreen, keyboard, mouse, buttons, or thelike) allowing the user to operate the IPG 150. The controller device160 may be controlled by the user (e.g., doctor, clinician) through theuser interface 168 allowing the user to interact with the IPG 150. Theuser interface 168 may permit the user to move electrical stimulationalong and/or across one or more of the lead(s) 110 using differentstimulation electrode 111 a-d combinations.

Also, the controller device 160 may permit operation of the IPG 150according to one or more stimulation programs to treat the patient. Eachstimulation program may include one or more sets of stimulationparameters of the pulse including pulse amplitude, pulse width, pulsefrequency or inter-pulse period, pulse repetition parameter (e.g.,number of times for a given pulse to be repeated for respective stimsetduring execution of program), biphasic pulses, monophasic pulses, etc.The IPG 150 modifies its internal parameters in response to the controlsignals from the controller device 160 to vary the stimulationcharacteristics of the stimulation pulses transmitted through the lead110 to the tissue of the patient. NS systems, stimsets, andmulti-stimset programs are discussed in PCT Publication No. WO 01/93953,entitled “NEUROMODULATION THERAPY SYSTEM,” and U.S. Pat. No. 7,228,179,entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING COMPLEX TISSUE STIMULATIONPATTERNS,” which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 2 depicts burst stimulation pattern 200 (e.g., for generation andapplication to neural tissue of a patient by NS system 100) according tosome embodiments of the present disclosure. Burst stimulation pattern200 includes multiple groups or “bursts” of multiple pulses. A quiescentperiod is provided between the bursts of pulses. The bursts may berepeated at a suitable rate. The interval between bursts may be variedwhile maintaining a suitable overall average repetition rate. Forexample, the inter-burst interval may be pseudo-randomly varied whilemaintaining an average burst repetition rate.

In some embodiments, a pulse repetition rate is provided for the pulseswithin a respective burst or group of pulses. The pulse-to-pulseinterval within an individual burst may be uniform or varied (e.g.,pseudo-randomly). Also, the pulse width may be greater than typicallyselected for conventional neurostimulation therapies. In someembodiments, longer pulse widths are selected to provide sufficienttotal charge. Also, charge balancing is preferably not applied within agiven burst to permit integration of the applied charge by thestimulated neuronal structures. For example, monophasic (as opposed tocharge balanced biphasic) pulses are applied. Charge balancing may occurpassively after a given burst is completed. Alternatively, one or moreactive balancing pulses may be applied after the end of given burst.Although certain specific stimulation rates and parameters are describedherein, any suitable rates and parameters may be employed according tosome embodiments of the present disclosure.

Electrical stimulation according to some embodiments of this disclosurecould be either burst or tonic or clustered high frequency (multiplespikes at e.g. 3 to 50 spikes at 130 Hz), clustered low frequency(multiple spikes at e.g. 3-50 spikes at 20 Hz, 130 Hz, or any otherfrequency). The difference between burst and clustered firing is that inburst the charge is balanced after the monophasic spikes, whereas inclustered firing each spike is charge balanced (biphasic). Althoughactive balancing is shown in selected drawings, one or more balancingpulses are not required. For example, passive discharge techniques maybe applied in lieu of use of balancing pulse of opposite polarity to theburst pulses.

Suitable application of electrical pulses in a burst pattern stimulatesneuronal activity that is similar neuronal activity present whenphysiological burst firing occurs. Burst firing of neurons is typicallyfound in calbindin positive ceils (Kawaguchi and Kubota 1993; Hu et al.,1994: Hu 1995: He and Hu 2002). Thus, burst mode firing may utilize acalbindin system to generate the burst. Generally, burst firing isaccomplished through the activation of either a subthreshold membraneconductance that initiates action potentials or a suprathresholdmembrane conductance that once activated evokes two or more actionpotentials. Sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) activated conductances haveall been implicated in burst generation. Hippocampal (Wong and Stewart,1992; Traub et al., 1994) and layer V neocortical (Schwindt and Crill,1999) pyramidal cells may initiate somatic Na+ action potentials from aslow Ca2+ potential generated within the dendrites. Alternatively,bursts in subicular (Mattia et al., 1997) and sensorimotor corticalneurons (Franceschetti et al., 1995; Guatteo et al., 1996) may begenerated through a voltage-dependent Na+ conductance, independent ofCa2+ (Brumberg, 2000).

Burst firing acts in a non-linear fashion (Lisman 1997; Sherman 2001;Swadlow and Gusev 2001) with a summation effect of each spike, thus morereadily activating a target cell (Lisman 1997) than tonic firing. Burstfiring has been described in drowsiness, slow wave sleep, and anesthesia(Steriade et al., 1989: McCormick and Feeser 1990), as well as epilepsy(Futatsugi and Riviello 1998: Huguenard 1999) in the thalamus, and iffunctionally shuts off external auditory sensory stimuli to gain accessto the cortex (Edeline et al., 2000; Massaux and Edeline 2003; Massauxet al., 2004), though not completely (Edeline et al., 2000). Neuralnetwork modeling has further demonstrated that bursts are generated bypositive feedback through excitatory connections (Tabak and Latham2003). In networks of two populations, one excitatory and oneinhibitory, decreasing the inhibitory feedback can cause the network toswitch from a tonically active, asynchronous state to the synchronizedbursting state (van Vreeswijk and Hansel 2001). Additional details ofburst stimulation are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,734,340 which isincorporated herein by reference.

The ventral tegmentum (VTA) is a population of neurons located close tothe midline on the floor of the midbrain (mesencephalon). The VTA is theorigin of the dopaminergic cell bodies of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminesystem. FIG. 3 depicts diagram 300 of some of interconnections betweenthe VTA and other neuronal structures that mediate reward and aversionresponses in a patient. Dopaminergic projections from the VTA to the NAcrelease dopamine in response to reward-related stimuli (and in somecases, aversion-related stimuli). There are also GABAergic projectionsfrom the NAc to the VTA; projections through the direct pathway. The NAcalso contains numerous types of interneurons. Further, the NAc receivesdense innervation from glutamatergic monosynaptic circuits from themedial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampus (Hipp) and amygdala, aswell as other regions. Additionally, the VTA receives such inputs fromthe lateral dorsal tegmentum (LDTg), lateral habenuia and lateralhypothalamus. These various inputs control aspects of reward-relatedperception and memory. Dopamine neurons emit an alerting message aboutthe surprising presence or absence of rewards. Dopamine neurons in VTAare activated by rewarding events that are better than predicted, remainuninfluenced by events that are as good as predicted, and are depressedby events that are worse than predicted. Further, the nucleus accumbensfires in burst mode and tonic mode where burst neuronal firing encodedifferences between actual and predicted rewards.

Activation of inputs to the VTA from the laterodorsal tegmentum and thelateral habenuia elicit reward and aversion, respectively. Laterodorsaltegmentum neurons preferentially synapse on dopamine neurons projectingto the nucleus accumbens lateral shell, whereas lateral habenuia neuronssynapse primarily on dopamine neurons projecting to the medialprefrontal cortex as well as on GABAergic neurons in the rostromedialtegmental nucleus. Accordingly, distinct VTA circuits generate rewardand aversion for internal and external stimuli.

Also, as used herein, disrewarding means to reverse the act ofrewarding; to deprive of reward; to undo a reward, to extinguish areward (alternatively expressed “antirewarding”). The difference betweenaversion and disreward is that a disreward does not imply an activepunishment. This is relevant as with disrewarding stimuli a patient“unlearns” without punishment. For example, causing distress or disgustwith applied stimuli can sometimes be beneficial, e.g. treatingdisorders involving antisocial, violent, or abusive behaviors. Incontrast, disrewarding stimulation removes the predicted reward of thestimulus without aversion. For example, it would be unsuitable to applyaversion stimuli to treat obesity because aversion stimuli may developanorexia nervosa in patients.

FIG. 4 depicts stimulation therapy 400 according to some embodiments ofthe present disclosure. Burst stimulation 401 is provided to the lateralhabenula (or other aversion related site in the brain) to elicit anaversion response at an appropriate time to recondition a neurologicalprocess of the patient. For example, a stimulus may be providedconcurrently with application of burst stimulation 401. The stimulus maybe selected in accordance with the neurological disorder of the patient.In a patient suffering from addiction, visual stimuli comprising one ormore items associated with the patient's specific addiction may bepresented to the patient concurrently with application of burststimulation 401 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.For example, one or more digital images 402 of alcoholic beverages maybe presented to the patient for a patient suffering from addiction. Whenburst stimulation 401 is applied to the lateral habenula, the resultinginput from the lateral habenula to the VTA overrides tonic input fromthe nucleus accumbens.

FIG. 5 depicts stimulation therapy 500 according to some embodiments ofthe present disclosure. Burst stimulation 501 is provided to the nucleusaccumbens (or other reward related site in the nervous system) to elicita reward response at an appropriate time to recondition a neurologicalprocess of the patient. Burst stimulation 501 may be providedconcurrently with application or presentation of external stimuli, suchas presentation of one or more digital images 502. The stimuli selectedfor presentation with the rewarding burst stimulation 501 will differfrom the stimuli selected for the aversion eliciting burst stimulation401. For example, the stimuli selected for burst stimulation 501 mayinclude presentation of images of one or more items for reinforcement ofhealthy, non-addiction related behaviors. When burst stimulation 501 isapplied to the nucleus accumbens, the resulting input from the nucleusaccumbens to the VTA overrides tonic input from the lateral habenula.

FIG. 6 depicts therapy 600 according to some embodiments. Therapy 600 issimilar to therapy 400 except high frequency stimulation 601 (e.g.,approximately 100 Hz or greater) is provided to the nucleus accumbenswhile burst stimulation 401 is provided to the lateral habenula. Thehigh frequency stimulation is preferably provided as charge balancedtonic pulses. Stimulation 601 blocks activity of the nucleus accumbensfrom providing input to the VTA while input from the lateral habenula tothe VTA occurs (as a result of burst stimulation 401).

FIG. 7 depicts therapy 700 according to some embodiments. Therapy 700 issimilar to therapy 500 except high frequency stimulation 701 (e.g.,approximately 100 Hz or greater) is provided to lateral habenula thewhile burst stimulation 501 is provided to the nucleus accumbens. Thehigh frequency stimulation is preferably provided as charge balancedtonic pulses. Stimulation 701 blocks activity of the lateral habenulafrom providing input to the VTA while input from the nucleus accumbensto the VTA occurs (as a result of burst stimulation 501).

FIG. 8 depicts therapy 800 according to some embodiments of the presentdisclosure. At time T₁, high frequency stimulation 701 (e.g.,approximately 100 Hz or greater) is provided to the lateral habenulawhile an external stimulus is provided to the patient. For example, oneor more digital images 502 may be presented to the patient. At time T2,burst stimulation 401 is provided to the lateral habenula (or otheraversion related site in the brain) while an external stimulus 402 isprovided concurrently.

FIG. 9 depicts therapy 900 according to some embodiments of the presentdisclosure. At time T₁, high frequency stimulation 601 (e.g.,approximately 100 Hz or greater) is provided to the nucleus accumbenswhile an external stimulus is provided to the patient. For example, oneor more digital images 402 may be presented to the patient. At time T₂,burst stimulation 501 is provided to the nucleus accumbens while anexternal stimulus (one or more digital images 502) is providedconcurrently.

In some embodiments, multiples stimulation therapies (includingtherapies 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900) are provided to a patient atrespective times to treat a neurological disorder in the patient. Also,one or more of the respective therapies may be repeated over time asdeemed appropriate by the patient's physician during a course oftreatment.

Although the nucleus accumbens and the lateral habenula are discussed inregard to FIGS. 4-9, other suitable stimulation sites may bealternatively applied for the reward and aversion related mechanismsaccording to embodiments of the present disclosure. The reward-relatedstimulation locations may include the nucleus accumbens (NAc), thelaterodorsal tegmentum, ventral tegmental area (VTA), the ventralpallidum, the subthalamic nucleus (STN), medial dorsal nucleus of thethalamus, and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Aversion-relatedstimulation sites may include the habenula, the rostromedial tegmentalnucleus, VTA, amygdala, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), thedorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and the insula.

Although some embodiments employ tonic and/or burst and/or clusteredfiring stimulation, other stimulation patterns may be provided to therespective stimulation sites described herein. Neurological diseases,treated according to some embodiments, are often characterized byincreased functional connectivity. In such embodiments, the discussedneurological disorder/diseases are treated by application of noisestimulation to one or more stimulation locations identified in thisapplication. In some specific embodiments, the noise stimulation islimited to a specific frequency band. The noise stimulation may beimplemented by irregular (in the time domain) application of pulsesaccord to a single pulse repetition frequency.

In some embodiments, noise stimulation and/or irregular stimulation maybe applied within frequency bands of various bandwidths, e.g. 2 Hzbandwidth (1-2 Hz, 2-3 Hz, 3-4 Hz etc), 3 Hz bandwidth (1-3 Hz, 2-4 Hz,3-5 Hz etc.), 4 Hz bandwidth, 5 Hz bandwidth etc. In one specificembodiment, noise stimulation is applied within one or more of theclassical frequency bands, delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12Hz), beta (13-30 Hz) and gamma (30-100 Hz). The classical frequencybands for the purpose of noise stimulation according to someembodiments, can be further subdivided into alpha1 (8-10 Hz), alpha2(10-12 Hz), Low Beta Waves=beta1 (12.5-16 Hz); Beta Waves=beta2 (16.5-20Hz); and High Beta Waves=beta3 (20.5-28 Hz). The beta band may besubdivided into 5 bands for noise stimulation according to someembodiments. Gamma waves can also be subdivided in different subgroups:low gamma (30-50 Hz), mid gamma (50-70 Hz) and high gamma (70-100 Hz).There are also specific bands related to sensory and motor processing,e.g. SMR (sensorimotor rhythm): (12.5-15.5 Hz), Mu wave: (7.5 -12.5 Hz).The bandwidth groups for stimulation according to some embodiments maybegin at any suitable level, for example, at 0.5 or other levels (0.1,0.2, 0.3 etc).

Noise stimulation within a given bandwidth may be selected to possess asuitable power density or spectral profile. For example, the spectralprofile may be possess one of the following power densities or spectralprofiles: white (1/f°), pink (1/f), brown (1/f²) or black (1/f³), i.e.1/f̂β with β=0 to 10, usually β=0 or 1 or 2 or 3 or somewhere in betweene.g. 0.9, 1.1, etc. Additionally, details of creating a suitably shapednoise signal are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,682,441 which isincorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, the noise stimulation is applied to jam or disruptongoing connectivity frequency-specific (or frequency band-specificinformation) transmission between different areas of the nervous systemso that hyperconnectivity is blocked or normal connectivity ismaintained. By employing stimulation at suitable stimulation sites,there will be no cross-frequency coupling possible on this irregular,noisy frequencies, or frequency bands.

Although addiction related disorders have been discussed, manyneurological disorders may be treated using reconditioning stimulationaccording to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example,FIG. 10 depicts recondition therapy 1000 for treating tinnitus in apatient. Tinnitus is often described as perception of a “ringing” soundwithin the human ear when no actual sound is present. The neurologicaldisorder of tinnitus is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,315,761 which isincorporated herein by reference. Often, tinnitus is caused by a lesionor damage within the auditory tract, caused by a sound trauma or the useof particular antibiotics as examples. Neuroplasticity occurs inresponse to the lesion or damage and affects the cells related to thefrequency or frequencies associated with the lesion. Tinnitus generallyoccurs as a result from the neuroplastic cortical reorganization. Insevere cases, the patient's experience of tinnitus is similar to chronicpain and the patient's tinnitus negatively impacts many activities ofthe patient.

In therapy 1000, sound stimulus 1003 is provided to the patient. Thesound stimulus is provided at a specific frequency. At a given time, thefrequency is at the tinnitus frequency of the patient. Upon presentationat the tinnitus frequency, a high frequency blocking pulse train 1001 isprovided to an appropriate reward-related site (e.g., as identifiedherein) in the brain of the patient. The application of pulses may occurusing cortical or deep brain stimulation depending upon the selectedlocation. At another given time, the frequency of sound stimulus 1003 isselected to be a frequency different from the tinnitus frequency of thepatient. During this presentation of sound stimulus 1003, burststimulation 1002 is provided to the patient at an appropriatereward-related location site within the brain of the patient. Thepresentation of the various sound frequencies and application ofelectrical pulses reconditions neuronal processes within the brain ofthe patient to treat the patient's tinnitus. Appropriate electricalstimulation may additionally or alternatively be provided to one or moreaversion-related sites (e.g., as identified herein) upon presentation oftinnitus frequency and non-tinnitus frequency stimuli as discussedherein.

In some representative embodiments, burst parameters are selected byanalyzing neuronal activity that occurs in response to presentation ofstimuli to the patient. Neuronal activity is measured using one or moreelectrodes implanted in the respective reward/aversion sites. For apatient suffering from addiction, one or more addiction-related stimuli(e.g., image 402) are presented to the patient. Neuronal activity isrecorded in, for example, the nucleus accumbens. The neuronal activityis processed to identify neuronal spiking and the timing of identifiedneuronal spikes are employed to select the timing of pulses within theburst pattern. Specifically, the burst frequency and the pulse ratewithin an individual burst may be selected according to the recordedneuronal activity. The determined pulse parameters are then employed toprovide reconditioning stimulation for presentation of non-addictionrelated stimuli. In this case, image 502 may be presented to the patientand burst stimulation according to the determined parameters issimultaneously applied to the nucleus accumbens. In an alternativeembodiment, neuronal activity is detected using a suitable recordingelectrode, digital samples of the amplitude of the neuronal activity arestored, and the digital samples are subsequently applied as electricalstimulation to the target site (e.g., stimulation pulses proportional toor otherwise corresponding to the record amplitudes) for areconditioning therapy. Similar sampling and stimulation using either ofthese techniques may be employed to record reward responses andsubsequently to elicit aversion response to addiction-related or otherstimuli by stimulation of a suitable aversion related site using thederived or recorded stimulation pattern.

Referring again to FIG. 1, reconditioning stimulation may be applied bydetection of addiction related items, environments, or substances usingone or more sensors. Different sensors may be employed depending uponthe applied method for detecting whether recondition stimulation isappropriate. As shown in FIG. 1, external sensor device 130 is provided.Sensor device 130 includes sensing capabilities and is capable ofcommunicating with one or both of controller device 160 and IPG 150(e.g., using wireless communication circuitry). Sensor device 130 couldbe a smart “wearable” device. One example is a wearable system of acomputer, an optical head-mounted display, and camera (including theGOOGLE GLASS™ from Google, Inc.). In this case, sensor device 130 couldbe programmed to capture images of the patient's environment from timeto time. Upon applying an image processing, pattern matching analysis,and/or the like, sensor device 130 may communicate a signal (forexample, either to IPG 150 or controller device 160) to applyappropriate stimulation to the patient. For example, image processingmay be applied to detect product labeling, product shapes, bar codes,and/or the like corresponding to addiction-related products andnon-addiction related products. Depending upon detection of a relevantitem, suitable reward or aversion eliciting stimulation may be appliedas discussed herein.

In other embodiments, sensor device 130 is adapted to obtainphysiological data. Sensor device 130 may be implemented as a smartwatch and may include one or more physiological sensors. For example,sensors may be provided to measure body temperature, heart rate andheart rate variability, blood oxygen levels, blood pressure, muscle(striated, smooth, and/or cardiac) activity, blood glucose levels,electrolytes, hormones, cytokines, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators,and electrical activity from the central (brain, brainstem, spinal cord)or peripheral and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) nervoussystem. The sensor of electrical brain activity can record single cellactivity or local field potentials (multiple cell activity) and useamplitude, phase or frequency (discrete frequencies or frequency bands)as a basis to activate the IPG. The IPG may process data from the atleast one sensor to analyze amplitude, phase, or frequencycharacteristics of the neuronal activity to control stimulation. The IPGmay employ suitable signal processing algorithms including windowing,discrete cosine transfer (DCT), fast fourier transform (FFT), etc.

Two or more sensors may be employed to detect functional (correlatedactivity) or effective (directional correlated activity) connectivity.In some embodiments, the correlated activity can be frequency orfrequency-band specific or cross-frequency correlated in which differentfrequencies or frequency bands are coupled. In some embodiments, the IPGdetects neural coupling activity based on correlations between onecombination of neural activity characteristics from two different sitesselected from the list consisting of: phase and amplitude, phase andpower, phase and phase, amplitude and amplitude, power and power, phaseand frequency, amplitude and frequency, and frequency and frequency.

In some embodiments, These various physiological signals may becorrelated to intake of addiction-related substances and suitablestimulation may be provided in response to identified measurements ofthese signals. In alternative embodiments, IPG 150 may be connected toimplantable sensors to control application of stimulation. For example,the patient's blood alcohol level may be measured using an implantablesensor to control the application of reconditioning stimulation by IPG150.

The controllers and devices discussed herein may include anyprocessor-based or microprocessor-based system including systems usingmicrocontrollers, reduced instruction set computers (RISC), applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays(FPGAs), logic circuits, and any other circuit or processor capable ofexecuting the functions described herein. Additionally or alternatively,the controllers and devices discussed herein may include circuit modulesthat may be implemented as hardware with associated instructions (forexample, software stored on a tangible and non-transitory computerreadable storage medium, such as a computer hard drive, ROM, RAM, or thelike) that perform the operations described herein. The above examplesare exemplary only, and are thus not intended to limit in any way thedefinition and/or meaning of the term “controller.” The controllers anddevices discussed herein may execute a set of instructions that arestored in one or more storage elements, in order to process data. Thestorage elements may also store data or other information as desired orneeded. The storage element may be in the form of an information sourceor a physical memory element within the controllers and devicesdiscussed herein. The set of instructions may include various commandsto perform specific operations such as the methods and processes of thevarious embodiments of the subject matter described herein. The set ofinstructions may be in the form of a software program. The software maybe in various forms such as system software or application software.Further, the software may be in the form of a collection of separateprograms or modules, a program module within a larger program or aportion of a program module. The software also may include modularprogramming in the form of object-oriented programming. The processingof input data by the processing machine may be in response to usercommands, or in response to results of previous processing, or inresponse to a request made by another processing machine.

It is to be understood that the subject matter described herein is notlimited in its application to the details of construction and thearrangement of components set forth in the description herein orillustrated in the drawings hereof. The subject matter described hereinis capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of beingcarried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that thephraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of“including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein ismeant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereofas well as additional items.

It is to be understood that the above description is intended to beillustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-describedembodiments (and/or aspects thereof) may be used in combination witheach other. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt aparticular situation or material to the teachings of the inventionwithout departing from its scope. While the dimensions, types ofmaterials and coatings described herein are intended to define theparameters of the invention, they are by no means limiting and areexemplary embodiments. Many other embodiments will be apparent to thoseof skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope ofthe invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to theappended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which suchclaims are entitled. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and“in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respectiveterms “comprising” and “wherein.” Moreover, in the following claims, theterms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels,and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.Further, the limitations of the following claims are not written inmeans—plus-function format and are not intended to be interpreted basedon 35 U.S.C. § 112(f), unless and until such claim limitations expresslyuse the phrase “means for” followed by a statement of function void offurther structure.

1. A method of treating a neurological disorder in a patient,comprising: providing one or more external stimuli to the patientrelevant to the patient's neurological disorder; and concurrently withproviding the one or more external stimuli, electrically stimulating oneor more locations in a brain of the patient to elicit a reward-responseto the one or more external stimuli, to elicit a disreward response, orto elicit an aversion-response to the one or more external stimuli. 2.The method of claim 1 wherein the electrically stimulating comprising:applying electrical pulses according to a burst pattern of multiplebursts separated by quiescent intervals with each burst of the burstpattern comprising multiple electrical pulses or clustered firing. 3.The method of claim 1 further comprising: providing a first externalstimulus for presentation concurrently with electrical stimulation of areward-related location within the brain of the patient.
 4. The methodof claim 1 wherein the reward-related location is selected from the listconsisting of: the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the laterodorsal tegmentum,ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta,hypothalamus, the ventral pallidum, the subthalamic nucleus (STN),medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, and the posterior cingulatecortex (PCC).
 5. The method of claim 3 further comprising: providing asecond external stimulus for presentation concurrently with electricalstimulation of a disrewarding/antirewarding or aversion-related locationwithin the brain of the patient.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein thereward-related location is selected from the list consisting of: thehabenula, the rostromedial tegmental nucleus, ventral tegmental area(VTA), the amygdala, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), thedorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and the insula.
 7. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the neurological disorder is an addiction or substanceuse disorder.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the neurological disorderis an eating disorder.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the neurologicaldisorder is an auditory disorder.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein theauditory disorder is tinnitus.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein theneurological disorder is chronic pain.
 12. The method of claim 1 whereinthe neurological disorder is selected from the list consisting ofdepression, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),panic disorder, phobia, schizophrenia, psychopathy, and antisocialpersonality disorder.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the neurologicaldisorder is a reward deficiency syndrome.
 14. The method of claim 13wherein the neurological disorder is an addictive disorder.
 15. Themethod of claim 14 wherein the addictive disorder is selected from thelist consisting of alcohol abuse, substance abuse, smoking, and obesity.16. The method of claim 13 wherein the neurological disorder is animpulsive disorder.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the impulsivedisorder is selected from the list consisting of attention deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette's syndrome, and autism.
 18. Themethod of claim 13 wherein the neurological disorder is a compulsivedisorder.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the compulsive disorder isselected from the list consisting of obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD), gambling, and aberrant sexual behavior.
 20. The method of claim13 wherein the neurological disorder is a personality disorder.